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Sunday, 22 January 2023

History ch 3 class 10 ss

 G-L

History

CHAPTER                  3          Nationalism    in         India

The     growth of         modern           nationalism    is         intimately       connected           to        anti-colonial   movement.

The     congress          under  the      leadership      of         Mahatma        Gandhi           tried    to        forge   groups together          within one      movement.           However,        the      unity   did       not      emerge            without           conflict.

First     World  War,    Khilafat           and      Non-Cooperation

1.     National   Movement      was      spreading        in         New     areas   in      1919    and      incorporating new     social groups   and      developing      new     modes of         struggle.

2.     Mahatma Gandhi came   to        India    and      The      Idea     of      Satyagraha      emphasised    the      power of truth           and      the      need    to        search for       truth.

3.    


He advocated       that     physical           force    was      not      necessary        to      fight    the      oppressor.

4.     In  1916,   He       travelled         to        Champaran     in         Bihar   to      inspire the      peasants         to        struggle           against the      oppressive      plantation       system.

The      Idea     of         Satyagraha

1.     Mahatma Gandhi returned         to        India    in         January,          1915.   His      heroic  fight    for       the      Indians in South          Africa  was      well-known.     His       novel   method           of         mass    agitation         known as      Satyagraha had           yielded good    results.

2.     The           idea     of         Satyagraha      emphasized    the      power of      truth   and      the      need    to        search for       truth.

3.     In  1916,   Gandhi travelled         to        Champaran     in         Bihar   to      inspire the      peasants         to        struggle against          the      oppressive      plantation       system.

4.     In  1917,crops      field     in         Kheda  district of         Gujrat, but      the      government    refused           to        remit   land revenue  and      insisted      on        its        full       collection.

5.     In  1918,   Mahatma        Gandhi intervened      in         a          dispute      between         workers           and      mill      owners            of Ahmedabad.      He       advised           to        workers           to        go        on        strike      and      to        demand          a          35%     increase          in wages.

6.     Satyagraha           brought           Gandhiji          into     close    touch  with     the      workers           in         the      urban  areas.

The      Rawlatt           act

1.     When        the      Rawlatt           act       1919,   was      passed hurriedly      through           the      Imperial          Legislative Council      inspire of      unanimous     opposition      of         the      Indian members,       Gandhiji’s      patience comes          to        an        end.

2.     Gandhi     wanted           non-violent     civil      disobedience  against such      unjust laws,    which  would start     with     a          hartal  on        6th      April.

3.     6th April    1919    was      observed         as        Satyagraha      Day      when      people all        over     the      country observed       fast      and      hartal.

4.     1919,         the      country           witnessed       a          remarkable     political      awakening      in         India.

5.     Local         leaders were    picked up        from    Amritsar          and      Mahatma      Gandhi was      barred from entering Delhi.

6.     On 10th     April,   the      police  in         Amritsar          fired    upon   a      peaceful          procession,     provoking widespread           attacks on      banks.

Jallianwalla     Bagh    Massacre

1.    


A   large    crowd  gathered         in         the      enclosed         ground of      Jalliawalla       Bagh.

2.     People      came   to        protest against government’s repressive       measure      while   some   came   to attend        the      annual Baisakhi          fair.

3.     General    Dyer    entered           the      area.    Blocked           the      exit      points and      opened           fire      on        the      crowd, killing  hundreds.

4.     The           government    responded      with     brutal  repression      seeking      to        humiliate        and      terrorise people.

5.     Satyagrahis           were    forced to        rub      their    noses  on        the      ground,           crawl   on        the      streets and      do Salaam       (salute)      to        all        Sahibs.

Khilafat           movement

1.     Rowlatt     Satyagraha      had      been    a          widespread     movement,     it      was      still      limited mostly to        cities and        towns.

2.     Mahatma Gandhi now     felt      the      need    to        launch a          more      broad  based  movement      in         India. 3.           But      he        was      certain that     no        such    movement      could   be        organized      without           bringing          the Hindus      and      Muslims          closer      together.

4.     The           First     World  War     had      ended with     the      defeat of      Ottoman         Turkey.            There  were    rumors that    a          harsh      peace  treaty  was      going   to        be        imposed          on        the      Ottoman         Emperor,         who     was      the spiritual    head    (Khalifa)      of         the      Islamic world.

5.     The           Muslims          of         India    decided           to        force    Britain to      change her      Turkish policy.

6.     A   Khalifa Committee     was      formed            under  the      leadership      of      Maulana         Azad,   Ajmal  Khan    and Hasrat      Mohani.

7.     A   young  generation      of         Muslim            leaders like      the      brothers      Muhammad    Ali        and      Shaukat           Ali began         discussing      with     Mahatma        Gandhi about  the      possibility       of         a      united mass    action  on the issue.

Differing          strands            within the      movement:

1.     Rebellion  in         the      countryside:   -           From   the      cities,  the      noncooperation         movement      spread to the  countryside.   After    the      war,     the      struggles         of         peasants         and      tribal   were      developing      in different     parts   of         India.

2.     One           movement      here    war      against talukdars        and      landlords      who     demanded      from    peasant exorbitantly  high     rents   and      a      variety of         other   cesses.

3.     Peasants   had      to        do        begar.  The      peasant           movement      demanded      reduction        of         revenue,         an abolition    of      begar   and      social   boycott           of         oppressive      landlords.

4.     Oudh        Kisan   Sabha  was      setup   headed           by.       Jawaharlal      Nehru  and      other,  within a          month, over    300      branches      had      been    set       up        by        the      villagers.

5.     Tribal        peasants         interpreted     the      message          of         Mahatma      Gandhi and      the      idea     of         Swaraj in         yet another     way.

6.     The           colonial           government    had      closed large    forest  areas      preventing      people from    entering the    forests to        graze   their      cattle,  or        to        collect fuel      wood   and      fruits.

7.     Alluri         Sitaram           Raju     Claimed          that     he        had      a      variety of         special powers.           He       asserted          that India      could   be        liberated         only     by        the      use      of         force.

Towards          Civil     Disobedience

1.     Mahatma Gandhi decided           to        withdraw        the      Non-Cooperation      Movement      in         1922.

2.     The           movement      was      turning violent in         many   places  and      satyagarhis     needed           properly trained         for       mass    struggle.

3.     CR Das      and      Motilal Nehru  formed            the      Swaraj Party   within the      Congress         to        argue   for       a return           to        council politics.

4.     Salt           was      a          powerful         symbol that     could   unite   the      nation.

5.     Salt           march  accompanied  by        78        of         his       trusted      volunteers.

6.     Finally,      Mahatma        Gandhi once    again   decided           to        call      off      the      movement      and      entered           into     a pact  with     Irwin    on      5          March 1931.

7.     Participants          saw      the      movement      in         different         angle      such    as        Patidars          of         Gujarat           and      Jats      of Uttar      Pradesh.

8.     To organise          business          interest,          formed            the      Indian      Industrial        and      commercial     congress          in 1920            and      Federation      of         the      Indian Chamber         of         Commerce      and      Industries       (FICCI).

9.     Gandhi     called  to        Untouchable  that     is         Harijan,           Children      of         God.

The      Sense  of         Collective        Belonging

1.    


Nationalist           Movement      Spreads           when   people belonging        to      different         regions and communities       begin   to        develop           a      sense   of         collective        belongingness.           The      identity           of      a          nation is          most    often   symbolized     in         a          figure  or      image.

2.     This           image  of         Bharat Mata   was      first     created           by      Bankim            Chandra          Chattopadhyay           in         1870 when      he      wrote  ‘Vande Mataram                    for       our      motherland.   Indian      folk      songs   and      folk      sung    by bards          played an        important      role     in         making the      idea     of         nationalism.   In         Bengal, Rabindranath       Tagore and      in         Madras,          Natesa,           Sastri      collection        of         folk      tales    and      songs, which   led       the      movement      for       folk      revival.

3.     During       the      Swadeshi        Movement,     a          tri-color           (      red,     green   and      yellow )           flag      was      designed         in Bengal.      It          had      eight    lotuses representing   eight    provinces        and      a      crescent          moon representing    Hindus and      Muslims.

4.     Means      of         creating           a          feeling of         nationalism    was      through           reinterpretation         of         history.           The nationalist      writers urged  the      readers           to        take     pride   in         India’s      great   achievements in         the past          and      struggle           to      change the      miserable        conditions      of         life       under  British      rule.

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